Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology
Volume 9 Issue 3 July-September 2026
Current Issue
Review Article
Dr. S. Arulraj & Dr. P. Vellingiri
Abstract: Climate change has emerged as a major global challenge, significantly impacting small-scale businesses and startups, particularly in sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, energy, and retail. These businesses often lack the financial and infrastructural resilience to cope with climate-induced disruptions, making them highly vulnerable to extreme weather events, fluctuating resource availability, and changing consumer behaviors. However, the integration of Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) algorithms presents new opportunities to mitigate risks and enhance adaptive strategies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of how ML and DL models, including Random Forest, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), are being used to forecast climate-induced risks, optimize supply chains, reduce operational inefficiencies, and ensure business continuity. Additionally, real-world case studies demonstrate how AI-driven climate adaptation strategies have helped businesses improve decision-making and sustainability.
Research Article
Ghousia Sayeed, Layla Ahmad Alnakhli & Haifa Salman Alrobaia
Abstract: Background: Halitosis is a common oral condition that may be influenced by physiological and hormonal changes during pregnancy. Despite its potential psychosocial impact, data on its prevalence and effect on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia are limited. Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of self-reported halitosis among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia and evaluate its impact on OHRQoL. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women residing in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a structured Arabic questionnaire covering sociodemographic and obstetric variables, self-reported halitosis, and the validated Arabic Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14). Associations were tested using chi-square and independent samples t-tests, and multivariable regression models were used to identify predictors of halitosis and OHRQoL. Results: A total of 178 participants were analyzed, and the prevalence of self-reported halitosis was 36.8%. Participants with halitosis had significantly higher mean OHIP-14 scores than those without halitosis (19.6 ± 7.9 vs. 11.2 ± 6.5; p<0.001). Lack of tongue cleaning (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.14; p=0.002) and poor self-rated oral hygiene (AOR = 1.87; p=0.011) were significant predictors of halitosis. Conclusion: Halitosis was common in this cohort and was associated with poorer OHRQoL. Integrating targeted oral hygiene counseling, especially tongue cleaning education, into antenatal care may reduce burden and improve maternal oral health outcomes.
Research Article
Asaju La’aro Bolaji, Sanfo Bala, Andrew Ishaku Wreford & Anagu Emmanuel John
Abstract: The Multidimensional Knapsack Problem (MKP) is a classical NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem used in wide variety of applications such as in logistics, cloud computing, manufacturing, telecommunications, scheduling and resource allocation. Metaheuristic algorithms are widely used because as the size of the problem and complexity of the optimization problem grows, the traditional exact methods are not able to compute them. In this regard, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) have received high interest due to their complementary search capabilities. The global exploration via the adaptive leader–follower mechanism in SSA, and the strong local exploitation by evolutionary operators in GA, complement each other well. In recent years, these algorithms are being incorporated into hybrid frameworks to accelerate the convergence process, preserve the diversity of the population and increase the quality of the solutions in large-scale optimization problems. But most of the current research is implementation oriented, and there are very few conceptual syntheses of concepts for the theoretical foundations, evolution, hybridization strategies and emerging developments of SSA–GA optimization for MKP. This paper discusses the complete overview of the conceptual review of Hybrid Salp Swarm–Genetic Algorithm optimization in Multidimensional Knapsack Problem. It outlines the development of the MKP, metaheuristic optimization, evolutionary computation, swarm intelligence and hybrid optimization and discusses the complementary nature of exploring/exploiting, constraint-handling and adaptive optimization mechanisms. The review also outlines the recent research trends, conceptual gaps, and suggests a common framework to inform the design of the scalable, adaptive, and computationally efficient hybrid optimization models. By consolidating current knowledge and outlining future research directions, this review provides a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners working in combinatorial optimization and intelligent resource allocation.
Research Article
Komal Sharma, Meenakshi Tewari & Ramlala Sharma
Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative aerobic bacillus ubiquitously distributed across environmental and healthcare niches. It functions as a highly effective opportunistic pathogen, particularly posing severe risks in hospital settings, intensive care units, and through hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections. This study was conducted on P. aeruginosa strains isolated from various clinical specimens to evaluate the institutional prevalence of infection and determine their current antibiotic drug susceptibility and multidrug resistance patterns. Out of 100 clinical diagnostic samples processed over a six-month period, 30 samples returned positive microbial cultures, from which 9 isolates were definitively identified as P. aeruginosa. The highest infection rates were recorded in patients aged 70–79 years (33.33%), with sputum (33.33%) and pus aspirates (26.60%) being the predominant isolation sites. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing via the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method demonstrated that Imipenem exhibited the strongest therapeutic profile with the lowest resistance rate (11.25%), whereas high resistance levels were observed for Aztreonam (72.50%), Ceftazidime (71.25%), Gentamicin (70.00%), and Ciprofloxacin (65.00%). Continuous local epidemiological monitoring, routine screening, and strict institutional antibiotic stewardship policies are imperative to preserve carbapenem efficacy and mitigate nosocomial transmission.
Research Article
John Sabo & Adamu Wakili
Abstract: This paper presents the development and comprehensive analysis of an Equally Spaced Numerical Scheme (ESNS) for solving nonlinear modeled oscillatory differential equations, which frequently arise in engineering and biological systems where closed-form analytical solutions are unavailable. The ESNS is constructed using a continuous power series approximation evaluated on uniformly distributed grid points, a strategy that significantly enhances computational simplicity while improving stability and convergence characteristics. The derivation employs interpolation and collocation techniques, yielding a linear multistep method with a continuous form that is subsequently discretized to produce an efficient step-by-step numerical solver. A rigorous theoretical investigation of the scheme is conducted, including determination of its order and error constant, demonstration of consistency and zero-stability, proof of convergence, and delineation of its absolute stability region, which confirms that the method is A-stable and therefore suitable for stiff oscillatory problems. The practical performance of the ESNS is evaluated through numerical simulations on three classes of oscillatory differential equations, including a susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) epidemiological model that computes disease transmission dynamics within a population over time. The numerical results are systematically compared with established methods, and both tabular and graphical comparisons demonstrate that the ESNS yields approximate solutions of remarkably high accuracy, characterized by extremely small error magnitudes. The findings confirm that the ESNS is a reliable, computationally efficient and robust numerical tool for solving nonlinear oscillatory initial value problems, offering a valuable alternative for researchers and practitioners in applied mathematics and related disciplines.
Research Article
The Emergence of the Jadid Movement in Turkestan and the Activities of the Jadids
Fozilov Mirashraf Azamatovich
Abstract: This article examines the emergence and historical development of the Jadid movement in Turkestan, its leading representatives, and their multifaceted activities. It analyzes the profound influence of the Jadids on the social, cultural, and educational life of Turkestan, focusing in particular on the establishment of new-method (usul-i jadid) schools and the textbooks they produced. The study explores the ideas, goals, and distinctive features of the Turkestan Jadids, including their commitment to national enlightenment, educational reform, and the awakening of national statehood. Special attention is given to figures such as Behbudiy, Avloniy, Munavvarqori, and Fayzulla Xoʻjayev, whose legacy remains relevant to Uzbekistan's contemporary national revival.
Research Article
Abu Dedo Ilmi & Roba Adugna Maru
Abstract: Water scarcity constrains potato production where irrigation water is limited and field application efficiency is low. This study evaluated conventional furrow irrigation, alternate furrow irrigation, and fixed furrow irrigation at 60%, 80%, and 100% of crop evapotranspiration for potato production in Dedo District, southwestern Ethiopia. A factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The assessment considered tuber yield, water use, water productivity, yield response, water savings, additional irrigable area, and economic indicators. The source results show that conventional furrow irrigation at 100% of crop evapotranspiration produced the highest absolute production, but used substantially more water. Alternate furrow irrigation at 80% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration provided higher water productivity with relatively small yield penalties and favorable system-level economic indicators. The findings indicate that irrigation method and irrigation level should be evaluated together when allocating scarce water among potato-producing areas.
Research Article
Nayyar Ahmed Khan, Mohammed Ahmad & Rim Hamdaoui
Abstract: This paper specifies a course grounded large language model (LLM) tutoring pipeline with versioned retrieval, a bounded hint policy, claim checks, and teacher escalation. An offline component test used 10 constructed passages, 12 questions, and 12 candidate responses. Best Matching 25 (BM25) retrieved the labeled passage at rank one for 11 of 12 questions; the deterministic gate blocked seven of seven seeded source or hint-level violations and accepted five compliant candidates. The test does not evaluate generated language or student learning. The paper provides an algorithm, trace schema, failure analysis, and prospective classroom protocol.
Research Article
Abu Dedo Ilmi, Roba Adugna Maru & Teka Tesfay
Abstract: This study evaluated the hydraulic performance and farmer perception of a locally developed spiral water pump under different pumping heads. Discharge, rotational speed, and efficiency were assessed as head increased from 2 m to 12 m, and farmer feedback was collected on practical operation, maintenance, and perceived benefits. The source results show that discharge and rotational speed decreased as pumping head increased. Discharge declined from 0.25 L s⁻¹ at 2 m head to 0.06 L s⁻¹ at 12 m head, while the reported efficiency also decreased with increasing head. Farmer feedback emphasized fuel-free operation, low operational requirements, and ease of use. The findings indicate that the evaluated pump is more appropriate for low-head applications and for irrigation systems in which water can be stored in a reservoir before application. Further field evaluation should focus on hydraulic optimization, installation stability, and long-term user performance.
Research Article
Nayyar Ahmed Khan, Mohammed Ahmad & Rim Hamdaoui
Abstract: This paper specifies a teacher supervised multi agent pipeline for lesson planning. Planner, source, access, assessment, and timing checks produce a versioned packet requiring teacher release. A deterministic validator was run on 12 constructed packets with 18 seeded defects and detected all 18 without false flags in that suite. A worked 45-minute lesson shows how a revision must be rechecked after timing and assessment changes. The unit test verifies packet rules, not large language model (LLM) lesson quality, classroom feasibility, or teacher time savings.
Research Article
On Farm Evaluation of Portable Gun Type Sprinkler Irrigation on Wheat Crop
Fekadu Gemeda, Bayan Ahmed & Asnake Tilaye
Abstract: Wheat production, with gun sprinkler systems showing promise for increasing yields and water use efficiency compared to surface irrigation methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate portable gun sprinkler irrigation on wheat crop at Doddota district of Arsi zone. The effect of different operating pressure (250kpa, 300kpa and 350kpa) and riser height (1.5m, 2m and 2.5m) on discharge, application rate, radius of throw, coefficient of variation was checked for determining optimum operating condition that achieve high distribution uniformity and wheat production in the study area. The wheat yield was affected by distribution uniformity of gun sprinkler under combined effect of operative pressure and riser height. Accordingly, the highest distribution uniformity 97.2%, yield 5.590t/ha, grain yield 3.823t/ha, water use efficiency 0.77m3/kg and irrigation water use efficiency 0.92m3/kg was obtained under combined effect of 350kpa and 2m riser height. Therefore, for similar agro-climatic condition like Doddota using gun sprinkler with nozzle size of 12mm under operating condition of 350kpa and riser height 2m was recommended for obtaining higher distribution uniformity and wheat yield.
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